Choosing the right transport mode matters as much as the machine itself. Standard FCL containers work for compact machines; oversized units need open-top or flat-rack containers, RORO for self-propelled equipment, and breakbulk or project cargo for very large units. Main load ports include Shanghai, Ningbo and Shenzhen, and bookings should be made two to four weeks ahead - keep the Chinese New Year shutdown in mind when planning delivery dates.
Incoterms 2020 define where risk and cost transfer. Understand the difference between EXW, FOB, CIF and DAP/DDP: who books the freight, who pays duty, and where insurance starts and ends. Watch for hidden costs such as terminal handling, demurrage, chassis and destination port fees that can add 5-15% to the landed price.
Packing rules are strict: wooden crates must be heat-treated and stamped ISPM-15, with fumigation certificates where required. For precision machine tools, a moisture barrier and proper shock and vibration mounting are mandatory - insufficient packing is one of the most common causes of damage claims.
Customs classification drives everything. Correct HS codes determine duty rates - many machine tool categories enter the EU at 0-4% duty, while US Section 301 tariffs still apply to many Chinese machinery lines at 7.5-25% depending on the HS code, plus VAT. Get the classification right before shipment, not after.
New in 2026: the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism entered its definitive regime on January 1, 2026. Importers of goods with embedded iron, steel or aluminum content must report and purchase CBAM certificates - relevant for steel-frame machines and castings. Prepare the documentation pack early: commercial invoice, packing list, bill of lading, certificate of origin, inspection certificates and compliance documents such as CE, EAC or UL.